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Development team
Developers can range in size from small groups making casual games to housing hundreds of employees and producing several large titles. [13] Companies divide their subtasks of game's development. Individual job titles may vary, however roles are the same within the industry.[26] The development team consists of several members.[17] Some members of the team may handle more than one role; similarly more than one task may be handled by the same member.[26] Team size can vary from 20 to 100 or more members, depending on the game's scope. The most represented are artists, followed by programmers, then designers, and finally, audio specialists, with two to three producers in management. These positions are employed full-time. Other positions, such as testers, may be employed only part-time.[52]
A development team includes these roles or disciplines:[26]
Designer
Further information: Game design
A game designer is a person who designs gameplay, conceiving and designing the rules and structure of a game.[53][54][55] Development teams usually have a lead designer who coordinates the work of other designers. He is the main visionary of the game.[56] One of the roles of a designer is being a writer, often employed part-time to conceive game's narrative, dialogue, commentary, cutscene narrative, journals, video game packaging content, hint system, etc.[57][58][59] In larger projects, there are often separate designer for various parts of the game, such as, game mechanics, user interface, characters, dialogue, etc.
Artist
Further information: Game art design
A game artist is a visual artist who creates video game art.[60][61] The art production is usually overseen by an art director or art lead, making sure his vision is followed. The art director manages the art team, scheduling and coordination within the development team.[60]
The artist's job may be 2D oriented or 3D oriented. 2D artists may produce concept art,[62][63] sprites,[64] textures,[65][66] environmental backdrops or terrain images,[62][66] and user interface[64]. 3D artists may produce models or meshes,[67][68] animation,[67] 3D environment,[69] and cinematics.[69]
Programmer
Main article: Game programmer
A game programmer is a software engineer who primarily develops video games or related software (such as game development tools). The game's codebase development is handled by programmers.[70][71] There are usually one to several lead programmers,[72] who implement the game's starting codebase and overview future development and programmer allocation on individual modules.
Individual programming disciplines roles include:[70]
Physics – the programming of the game engine, including simulating physics, collision, object movement, etc;
AI – producing computer agents using game AI techniques, such as scripting, planning, rule-based decisions, etc.
Graphics – the managing of graphical content utilization and memory considerations; the production of graphics engine, integration of models, textures to work along the physics engine.
Sound – integration of music, speech, effect sounds into the proper locations and times.
Gameplay – implementation of various games rules and features (sometimes called a generalist);
Scripting – development and maintenance of high-level command system for various in-game tasks, such as AI, level editor triggers, etc.
UI – production of user interface elements, like option menus, HUDs, help and feedback systems, etc.
Input processing – processing and compatibility correlation of various input devices, such as keyboard, mouse, gamepad, etc.
Network communications – the managing of data inputs and outputs for local and internet gameplay.
Game tools – the production of tools to accompany the development of the game, especially for designers and scripters.
Level designer
Further information: Level design
A level designer is a person who creates levels, challenges or missions for computer and/or video games using a specific set of programs.[73][74] These programs may be commonly available commercial 3D or 2D design programs, or specially designed and tailored level editors made for a specific game.
Level designers work with both incomplete and complete versions of the game. Game programmers usually produce level editors and design tools for the designers to use. This eliminates the need for designers to access or modify game code. Level editors may involve custom high-level scripting languages for interactive environments or AIs. As opposed to the level editing tools sometimes available to the community, level designers often work with placeholders and prototypes aiming for consistency and clear layout before required artwork is completed.
Sound engineer
Sound engineers are technical professionals responsible for sound effects and sound positioning. They sometimes oversee voice acting and other sound asset creation.[75][76] Composers who create a game's musical score also comprise a game's sound team, though often this work is outsourced.
Tester
Further information: Game testing
The quality assurance is carried out by game testers. A game tester analyzes video games to document software defects as part of a quality control. Testing is a highly technical field requiring computing expertise, and analytic competence.[66][77]
The testers ensure that the game falls within the proposed design: it both works and is entertaining.[78]This involves testing of all features, compatibility, localization, etc. Although, necessary throughout the whole development process, testing is expensive and is often actively utilized only towards the completion of the project.
Development process
Game development is a software development process, as a video game is software with art, audio, and gameplay. Formal software development methods are often overlooked.[1] Games with poor development methodology are likely to run over budget and time estimates, as well as contain a large number of bugs. Planning is important for individual[9] and group projects alike.[41]
Overall game development is not suited for typical software life cycle methods, such as the waterfall model.[79]
One method employed for game development is agile development.[80] It is based on iterative prototyping, a subset of software prototyping.[81] Agile development depends on feedback and refinement of game's iterations with gradually increasing feature set.[82] This method is effective because most projects do not start with a clear requirement outline.[80] A popular method of agile software development is Scrum.[83]
Another successful method is Personal Software Process (PSP) requiring additional training for staff to increase awareness of project's planning.[84] This method is more expensive and requires commitment of team members. PSP can be extended to Team Software Process, where the whole team is self-directing.[85]
Game development usually involves an overlap of these methods.[79] For example, asset creation may be done via waterfall model, because requirements and specification are clear, [86] but gameplay design might be done using iterative prototyping.[86]
Development of a commercial game usually includes the following stages:[87][88]
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